Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Risk Factors and Pathophysiology, Management Strategies and Outcomes

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Series: Pediatrics – Laboratory and Clinical Research
BISAC: MED069000

The future of persons with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is continuing to “look brighter” with the advent of biomedical technology. Nevertheless, the acute consequences of this disease remains a significant threat.

Diabetic ketoacidosis [DKA] remains the most serious challenge for primary care physicians and subspecialists caring for children and young persons with Diabetes Mellitus. Its prevention is possible only among those already diagnosed. Awareness of the etiology and clinical presenting signs among children of all ages is requisite for primary care and emergency department staff [Chapter 1]. While more likely to occur among those with Type 1 diabetes, a significant proportion of children with Type 2 diabetes are also at risk [Chapter 3]. Once diagnosed, the physician team must understand not only what biochemical imbalances must be corrected, but also what life-threatening complications must be avoided [Chapter 1]. The path through that “maze” is not yet fully interpreted; many choices remain as options, but each must be carefully evaluated. Diagnosis among the very young is a challenge because of they lack self-awareness and clarity of signs and symptoms [Chapter 2]. Education of the primary care staff is critical and able to alter the incidence of DKA at the time of diagnosis. Institutions that treat children and adolescents with DKA need an informed Emergency Department as well as Pediatric Intensive Care Facilities. Access to appropriate consultations, such as pediatric endocrinology, cardiology, neurology and neurosurgery are crucial. The initiation of care is critical, and occurs invariably in the Emergency Department [Chapter 4]. Meticulous documentation of fluid composition and volume, insulin administration, vital signs and neurological state of well-being is essential. These will facilitate the transition to the appropriate in-patient service, whose task is to understand the biological impact of fluid rehydration and fluid flux, as well as hypocapnea, hyperglycemia and cranial perfusion [Chapter 5]. The current standards of care all but prevent most of the varied biochemical complications of “appropriate” care for persons with DKA. However, awareness of these possibilities is crucial [Chapter 6]. Yet, one complication remains unexplained and too often unpredicted, and it is devastating to the pediatric patient: cerebral edema. This complication, its prevention and treatment are discussed [Chapter 6]. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is continuing to increase in incidence and prevalence among all ages. Once thought to be “non-ketosis prone” diabetes, now persons undiagnosed or previously diagnosed do obtain DKA. They, however, have other unique medical requirements that must be applied to their treatment [Chapter 3]. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state is a complication no longer limited to adults with diabetes or children with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. While the incidence is fortunately lower than that of DKA, its outcome is potentially direr. Appreciation of the unique treatment requirements and guidelines are discussed [Chapter 7]. This monograph provides a comprehensive compendium to those caring for children of all ages with diabetic ketoacidosis, its related disorders and associated conditions.
(Imprint: Nova Biomedical)

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Preface

I. Risk Factors and Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children
(Adebola Giwa, Payal Patel, Elizabeth Littlejohn, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA)

II. Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Infants and Young Children
(Carmen D. Mironovici, David Carmody and Siri Atma W. Greeley, Section of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Comer Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA)

III. Ketosis-Prone Type 2 diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents
(Orit Pinhas-Hamiel, Philip Zeitler, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel, and others)

IV. Management of Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis in the Emergency Department
(Michelle Lemelman, Joseph R. Hageman, Heather Fagan, Lisa McQueen, Stephen C. Duck, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Comer Children’s Hospital, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA, and others)

V. In-Hospital Management of Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment
(Brandy Merritt, Heather Fagan, Stephen C. Duck, Pediatrics and Pediatric Critical Care, University of South Alabama Children’s & Women’s Hospital, Mobile, AL, USA, and others)
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VI. Complications and Outcomes of Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis
(G. Todd Alonso, Barbara Davis, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA, and others)

VII. Pediatric Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State
(Uchechi Oddiri, Jaclyn Walsh, Joseph Hageman, Stephen C Duck, University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA, and others)

Index


Audience: Pediatric endocrinologists, pediatric hospitalists, emergency department physicians, adult endocrinologists, pediatric physicians in training, Certified Diabetes educators, Family medicine physicians, Emergency physicians in training.

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