Table of Contents

Glossary

Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1. Background and Significance
1.2. Problem statement: Framing the Research Problem
1.2.1. The State and the Issue of Gender
1.2.2. Systemic Discrimination
1.2.3. Minority in a Minority
1.3. Aims and Objectives
1.4. Research Methodology and Limits to the Book
1.5. Literature Review
1.6. Terminology
1.7. The Structure of the Book

Chapter 2. Theoretical Framework
2.1. Introduction
2.2. The Conceptualization of Intersectionality
2.3. Theorizing and Measuring Intersectionality
2.3.1. Analogies of Intersectionality
2.3.2. The Dynamics of Intersectionality: Unpacking Structural and Political Perspectives
2.3.3. Unveiling the Potential: Intersectionality as an Ever-Evolving Approach
2.4. Navigating Power Dynamics: Gender, Identity, and Intersectionality in Focus
2.5. Intersectionality and LGBTQ+ Rights in the Middle East: Unveiling Systemic Discrimination and Power Relations
2.6. Conclusion

Chapter 3. The Plight of LGBTQ+ Individuals in Iran: Challenges and Discrimination
3.1. Introduction
3.2. The Complex Web of Oppression: Intersections of Identity and Discrimination in Iran
3.2.1. Navigating Double Discrimination: The Intersection of Gender and Sexuality for Lesbians in Iran
3.2.2. Intersecting Identities and Differential Treatment: Experiences of Gay Men in Iran
3.3. Intersecting Discriminations: Analyzing Societal Inequalities for LGBTQ+ Individuals in Iran
3.3.1. State-Sponsored Discrimination: Unmasking Homophobic Rhetoric and Policies
3.3.2. Social Stigma and Media Censorship: LGBTQ+ Discrimination in Iran’s Public Sphere
3.3.3. The Hidden Dangers at Home: Family Discrimination against LGBTQ+ Individuals in Iran
3.3.4. Systemic Violence: LGBTQ+ Oppression in Education and Healthcare in Iran
3.4. Conclusion

Chapter 4. Intersectionality and LGBTQ+ Discrimination: Exploring Turkey’s Complex Landscape
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Intersecting Discriminations: Unravelling the Complexities of Oppression in Turkish Society
4.2.1. Anti-LGBTQ+ Rhetoric and Identity Politics: Erdogan’s Political Strategy
4.2.2. Employment Inequality and Stigmatization: The Struggle for LGBTQ+ Equality in Turkish Workplaces
4.2.3. The Three M’s: Men, Military, and Medical Discrimination
4.2.4. Institutionalised Discrimination: The Turkish Government’s Repression on Rainbow Symbolism, Pride, and Women’s Rights
4.3. Intersectionality and LGBTQ+ Refugees: Politics, Power, and Practices
4.4. Conclusion

Chapter 5. From Mubarak to Al-Sisi: A Pattern of LGBTQ+ Discrimination in Egypt
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Post-Revolution Landscape: LGBTQ+ Activism and Challenges
5.3. Unveiling the Complexity: Intersecting Identities and Social Categories
5.3.1. Law and Discrimination: The Unequal Treatment of Homosexual and Heterosexual Men in Egypt’s Legal System
5.3.2. Challenging the Patriarchy: Lesbian Women’s Double Marginalization in Egypt
5.4. Beyond Single Oppression: Understanding Intersecting Discriminations Faced by LGBTQ+ Community in Egypt
5.4.1. Denied Recognition: State-Sponsored Homophobia and the Battle for Transgender Rights in Egypt
5.4.2. The Watchful Eye: Government Surveillance and Entrapment of LGBTQ+ Individuals in Egypt
5.5. Conclusion

Chapter 6. Conclusion: Discussions and Findings
6.1. The Recapitulation of the Intersectional Analysis
6.1.1. Iran
6.1.2. Turkey
6.1.3. Egypt
6.2. The Call for Intersectional Approaches
6.3. The Role of External Actors in Promoting LGBTQ+ Rights

About the Authors

References

Index