Publish with Nova Science Publishers
We publish over 800 titles annually by leading researchers from around the world. Submit a Book Proposal Now!
Chapter 8. Paracoccidioidomycosis: An Update from the Environment to Clinics
$39.50
Haroldo Cesar de Oliveira1, Ana Carolina Alves de Paula e Silva2, Caroline Maria Marcos3, Julhiany de Fátima da Silva4, Liliana Scorzoni5,6, Patricia Akemi Assato7 and Suélen Andreia Rossi8
1Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-PR), Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
2Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
3Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP),
Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
4Department of Infectious Diseases, Dermatology, Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
5Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
6Nursing Post Graduation, Guarulhos University (UNG), Guarulhos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
7Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
8Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
Part of the book: The Book of Fungal Pathogens
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is an endemic mycosis of great importance in Latin America caused by dimorphic fungi of the genus Paracoccidioides. Recent advances in the study of this mycosis reveal the Paracoccidioides genus as fungi that are difficult to treat and diagnose, with a great capacity to adapt and evade the environment of host cells, causing an invasive disease that is neglected in areas where it is endemic. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the fungi of this genus and the disease, bringing historical aspects and also the most recent advances in the study of this important mycosis, which has a great impact on public health in many countries in Latin America. This chapter will address issues such as the diversity of species of the Paracoccidioides genus, the thermal dimorphism, that allows the fungus to survive in the environment and the host, and its impact on the infectious process, virulence factors, and their relationship with the evasion capacity of the host immune system, as well as aspects associated with the disease such as clinical forms, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment.
Keywords: Paracoccidioides spp., Paracoccidioidomycosis, Dimorphic fungi, PCM clinical manifestations,
PCM diagnosis, PCM treatment
References
[1] Martinez, R. Epidemiology of Paracoccidioidomycosis. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. 2015, 57 (Suppl. 19), 10.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46652015000700004.
[2] Marques-da-Silva, S. H.; Rodrigues, A. M.; de Hoog, G. S.; Silveira-Gomes, F.; Camargo, Z. P.
Occurrence of Paracoccidioides lutzii in the Amazon Region: Description of Two Cases. Am J Trop
Med Hyg 2012, 87 (4), 710–714. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0340.
[3] Turissini, D. A.; Gomez, O. M.; Teixeira, M. M.; McEwen, J. G.; Matute, D. R. Species Boundaries in
the Human Pathogen Paracoccidioides. Fungal Genet Biol 2017, 106, 9–25.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2017.05.007.
[4] Matute, D. R.; McEwen, J. G.; Puccia, R.; Montes, B. A.; San-Blas, G.; Bagagli, E.; Rauscher, J. T.;
Restrepo, A.; Morais, F.; Niño-Vega, G.; Taylor, J. W. Cryptic Speciation and Recombination in the
Fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis as Revealed by Gene Genealogies. Mol Biol Evol 2006, 23 (1),
65–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msj008.
[5] Teixeira, M. e M.; Theodoro, R. C.; Oliveira, F. F.; Machado, G. C.; Hahn, R. C.; Bagagli, E.; San Blas, G.;
Soares Felipe, M. S. Paracoccidioides lutzii Sp. Nov.: Biological and Clinical Implications.
Med Mycol 2014, 52 (1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.3109/13693786.2013.794311.
[6] Muñoz, J. F.; Farrer, R. A.; Desjardins, C. A.; Gallo, J. E.; Sykes, S.; Sakthikumar, S.; Misas, E.;
Whiston, E. A.; Bagagli, E.; Soares, C. M. A.; Teixeira, M. de M.; Taylor, J. W.; Clay, O. K.; McEwen,
J. G.; Cuomo, C. A. Genome Diversity, Recombination, and Virulence across the Major Lineages of
Paracoccidioides. mSphere 2016, 1 (5). https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00213-16.
[7] Teixeira, M. M.; Theodoro, R. C.; Nino-Vega, G.; Bagagli, E.; Felipe, M. S. S. Paracoccidioides
Species Complex: Ecology, Phylogeny, Sexual Reproduction, and Virulence. PLoS Pathog 2014, 10
(10), e1004397. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004397.
[8] Mavengere, H.; Mattox, K.; Teixeira, M. M.; Sepúlveda, V. E.; Gomez, O. M.; Hernandez, O.;
McEwen, J.; Matute, D. R. Paracoccidioides Genomes Reflect High Levels of Species Divergence and
Little Interspecific Gene Flow. mBio 2020, 11 (6). https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01999-20.
[9] do Valle, A. C. F.; Marques de Macedo, P.; Almeida-Paes, R.; Romão, A. R.; Lazéra, M. D. S.; Wanke,
B. Paracoccidioidomycosis after Highway Construction, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2017,
23 (11), 1917–1919. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2311.170934.
[10] Brummer, E.; Castaneda, E.; Restrepo, A. Paracoccidioidomycosis:
An Update. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993, 6 (2), 89–117.
[11] Restrepo, A.; de Bedout, C.; Cano, L. E.; Arango, M. D.; Bedoya, V. Recovery of Paracoccidioides
brasiliensis from a Partially Calcified Lymph Node Lesion by Microaerophilic Incubation of Liquid
Media. Sabouraudia 1981, 19 (4), 295–300.
[12] Bagagli, E.; Theodoro, R. C.; Bosco, S. M. G.; McEwen, J. G. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis:
Phylogenetic and Ecological Aspects. Mycopathologia 2008, 165 (4–5), 197–207.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-007-9050-7.
[13] Bagagli, E.; Bosco, S. M.; Theodoro, R. C.; Franco, M. Phylogenetic and Evolutionary Aspects of
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Reveal a Long Coexistence with Animal Hosts That Explain Several
Biological Features of the Pathogen. Infect Genet Evol 2006, 6 (5), 344–351.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2005.12.002.
[14] Bagagli, E.; Franco, M.; Bosco, S. D. M. G.; Hebeler-barbosa, F.; Trinca, L. A.; Montenegro, M. R.
High Frequency of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Infection in Armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus); an
Ecological Study. Med Mycol 2003, 41(3), 217–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/13693780310001597368.
[15] Queiroz-Telles, F. V. de; Peçanha Pietrobom, P. M.; Rosa Júnior, M.; Baptista, R. de M.; Peçanha, P.
M. New Insights on Pulmonary Paracoccidioidomycosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2020, 41 (1),
53–68. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400544.
[16] Puccia, R.; Vallejo, M. C.; Longo, L. V. G. The Cell Wall-Associated Proteins in the Dimorphic
Pathogenic Species of Paracoccidioides. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2017, 18 (11).
https://doi.org/10.2174/1389203717666160812233437.
[17] Arantes, T. D.; Bagagli, E.; Niño-Vega, G.; San-Blas, G.; Theodoro, R. C. Paracoccidioides
brasiliensis AND Paracoccidioides lutzii, A Secret Love Affair. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015,
57 (suppl 19), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46652015000700006.
[18] Nino-Vega, G. A.; Munro, C. A.; San-Blas, G.; Gooday, G. W.; Gow, N. A. R. Differential Expression
of Chitin Synthase Genes during Temperature-Induced Dimorphic Transitions in Paracoccidioides
brasiliensis. Med Mycol 2000, 38 (1), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/mmy.38.1.31.39.
[19] Tomazett, P. K.; Félix, C. R.; Lenzi, H. L.; de Paula Faria, F.; de Almeida Soares, C. M.; Pereira, M.
1,3-β-d-Glucan Synthase of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: Recombinant Protein, Expression and
Cytolocalization in the Yeast and Mycelium Phases. Fungal Biol 2010, 114 (10), 809–816.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2010.07.007.
[20] Puccia, R.; Vallejo, M. C.; Matsuo, A. L.; Longo, L. V. G. The Paracoccidioides Cell Wall: Past and
Present Layers toward Understanding Interaction with the Host. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2011.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00257.
[21] Rappleye, C. A.; Eissenberg, L. G.; Goldman, W. E. Histoplasma capsulatum Alpha-(1,3)-Glucan
Blocks Innate Immune Recognition by the Beta-Glucan Receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104
(4), 1366–1370. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609848104.
[22] Klein, B. S.; Tebbets, B. Dimorphism and Virulence in Fungi. Curr Opin Microbiol 2007, 10 (4),
314–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2007.04.002.
[23] Chaves, A. F. A.; Navarro, M. V.; de Barros, Y. N.; Silva, R. S.; Xander, P.; Batista, W. L. Updates in
Paracoccidioides Biology and Genetic Advances in Fungus Manipulation.
Journal of Fungi. 2021, pp 1–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7020116.
[24] Marques, S. A. Paracoccidioidomycosis. Clin Dermatol 30 (6), 610–615.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2012.01.006.
[25] Queiroz-Telles, F.; Escuissato, D. L. Pulmonary Paracoccidioidomycosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med
2011, 32 (6), 764–774. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1295724.
[26] Pacheco, F. B.; Venier, N. A. B.; Bueno, A. L.; Almeida, A. L. de; Milman, L.; Koehler, A.; Pagani, D.
M.; Scroferneker, M. L. Isolated Cutaneous Lesions in Paracoccidioidomycosis: A Suggestive Case of
Acquisition through Cutaneous Inoculation. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2021, 63, e22.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-9946202163022.
[27] de Oliveira, H. C.; Assato, P. A.; Marcos, C. M.; Scorzoni, L.; de Paula E Silva, A. C. A.; Da Silva, J.
D. F.; Singulani, J. de L.; Alarcon, K. M.; Fusco-Almeida, A. M.; Mendes-Giannini, M. J. S.
Paracoccidioides-Host Interaction: An Overview on Recent Advances in the Paracoccidioidomycosis.
Front Microbiol 2015, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01319.
[28] Mendes-Giannini, M. J. S.; Monteiro Da Silva, J. L.; De Fátima Da Silva, J.; Donofrio, F. C.; Miranda,
E. T.; Andreotti, P. F.; Soares, C. P. Interactions of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis with Host Cells:
Recent Advances. Mycopathologia. 2008, pp 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-007-9074-z.
[29] Mendes-Giannini, M. J. S.; Monteiro Da Silva, J. L.; De Fátima Da Silva, J.; Donofrio, F. C.; Miranda,
E. T.; Andreotti, P. F.; Soares, C. P. Interactions of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis with Host Cells:
Recent Advances. Mycopathologia. 2008, pp 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-007-9074-z.
[30] Mendes-Giannini, M. J. S.; Soares, C. P.; Da Silva, J. L. M.; Andreotti, P. F. Interaction of Pathogenic
Fungi with Host Cells: Molecular and Cellular Approaches. FEMS Immunology and Medical
Microbiology. 2005, pp 383–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsim.2005.05.014.
[31] Mendes, R. P.; Cavalcante, R. de S.; Marques, S. A.; Marques, M. E. A.; Venturini, J.; Sylvestre, T. F.;
Paniago, A. M. M.; Pereira, A. C.; da Silva, J. de F.; Fabro, A. T.; Bosco, S. de M. G.; Bagagli, E.;
Hahn, R. C.; Levorato, A. D. Paracoccidioidomycosis: Current Perspectives from Brazil.
Open Microbiol J 2017, 11, 224–282. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874285801711010224.
[32] Camacho, E.; Niño-Vega, G. A. Paracoccidioides spp.: Virulence Factors and Immune-Evasion
Strategies. Mediators of Inflammation. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5313691.
[33] Chaves, A. F. A.; Navarro, M. V.; de Barros, Y. N.; Silva, R. S.; Xander, P.; Batista, W. L. Updates in
Paracoccidioides Biology and Genetic Advances in Fungus Manipulation. Journal of Fungi.
2021, pp 1–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7020116.
[34] Mendes-Giannini, M. J. S.; Andreotti, P. F.; Vincenzi, L. R.; Monteiro da Silva, J. L.; Lenzi, H. L.;
Benard, G.; Zancopé-Oliveira, R.; de Matos Guedes, H. L.; Soares, C. P. Binding of Extracellular
Matrix Proteins to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Microbes Infect 2006, 8 (6), 1550–1559.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2006.01.012.a.
[35] Barbosa, M. S.; Báo, S. N.; Andreotti, P. F.; De Faria, F. P.; Felipe, M. S. S.; Feitosa, L. D. S.;
Mendes Giannini, M. J. S.; Soares, C. M. D. A. Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase of
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Is a Cell Surface Protein Involved in Fungal Adhesion to Extracellular
Matrix Proteins and Interaction with Cells. Infect Immun 2006, 74 (1), 382–389.
https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.74.1.382-389.2006.
[36] Gesztesi, J. L.; Puccia, R.; Travassos, L. R.; Vicentini, A. P.; De Moraes, J. Z.; Franco, M. F.; Lopes,
J. D. Monoclonal Antibodies against the 43,000 Da Glycoprotein from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Modulate Laminin-Mediated Fungal Adhesion to Epithelial Cells and Pathogenesis.
Hybridoma 1996, 15 (6), 415–422. https://doi.org/10.1089/hyb.1996.15.415.
[37] Torres, I.; Hernandez, O.; Tamayo, D.; Muñoz, J. F.; Leitão, N. P.; García, A. M.; Restrepo, A.; Puccia,
R.; McEwen, J. G. Inhibition of PbGP43 Expression May Suggest That Gp43 Is a Virulence Factor in
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. PLoS One 2013, 8 (7), e68434.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068434.
[38] Vicentini, A. P.; Moraes, J. Z.; Gesztesi, J. L.; Franco, M. F.; de Souza, W.; Lopes, J. D. Laminin Binding
Epitope on Gp43 from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Is Recognized by a Monoclonal Antibody
Raised against Staphylococcus aureus Laminin Receptor. J Med Vet Mycol 1997, 35 (1), 37–43.
[39] Donofrio, F. C.; Calil, A. C. A.; Miranda, E. T.; Almeida, A. M. F.; Benard, G.; Soares, C. P.; Veloso,
S. N.; De Almeida Soares, C. M.; Mendes Giannini, M. J. S. Enolase from Paracoccidioides
brasiliensis: Isolation and Identification as a Fibronectin-Binding Protein.
J Med Microbiol 2009, 58 (6), 706–713. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.003830-0.
[40] Marcos, C. M.; de Oliveira, H. C.; Assato, P. A.; de Andrade, C. R.; Fusco-Almeida, A. M.; Mendes Giannini, M. J. S. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 14-3-3 Protein Is Important for Virulence in a Murine
Model. Med Mycol 2018, 57 (7), 900–904. https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myy112.
[41] da Silva, J. de F.; de Oliveira, H. C.; Marcos, C. M.; da Silva, R. A. M.; da Costa, T. A.; Calich, V. L.
G.; Almeida, A. M. F.; Mendes-Giannini, M. J. S. Paracoccidoides brasiliensis 30 KDa Adhesin:
Identification as a 14-3-3 Protein, Cloning and Subcellular Localization in Infection Models. PLoS One
2013, 8 (4), e62533. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062533.
[42] Chaves, E. G. A.; Weber, S. S.; Báo, S. N.; Pereira, L. A.; Bailão, A. M.; Borges, C. L.; Soares, C. M.
de A. Analysis of Paracoccidioides Secreted Proteins Reveals Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolase as
a Plasminogen-Binding Protein. BMC Microbiol 2015, 15 (1), 53.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-015-0393-9.
[43] Nogueira, S. V.; Fonseca, F. L.; Rodrigues, M. L.; Mundodi, V.; Abi-Chacra, E. A.; Winters, M. S.;
Alderete, J. F.; De Almeida Soares, C. M. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Enolase Is a Surface Protein
That Binds Plasminogen and Mediates Interaction of Yeast Forms with Host Cells. Infect Immun 2010,
78 (9), 4040–4050. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00221-10.
[44] Puccia, R.; Vallejo, M. C.; Matsuo, A. L.; Longo, L. V. G. The Paracoccidioides Cell Wall: Past and
Present Layers toward Understanding Interaction with the Host. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2011.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00257.
[45] Bailão, A. M.; Nogueira, S. V.; Rondon Caixeta Bonfim, S. M.; De Castro, K. P.; De Fátima da Silva,
J.; Mendes Giannini, M. J. S.; Pereira, M.; De Almeida Soares, C. M. Comparative Transcriptome
Analysis of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis during in Vitro Adhesion to Type I Collagen and Fibronectin:
Identification of Potential Adhesins. Res Microbiol 2012, 163 (3), 182–191.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2012.01.004.
[46] Bailão, A. M.; Schrank, A.; Borges, C. L.; Dutra, V.; Walquíria Inês Molinari-Madlum, E. E.; Soares
Felipe, M. S.; Soares Mendes-Giannini, M. J.; Martins, W. S.; Pereira, M.; Maria de Almeida Soares,
C. Differential Gene Expression by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in Host Interaction Conditions:
Representational Difference Analysis Identifies Candidate Genes Associated with Fungal Pathogenesis.
Microbes Infect 2006, 8 (12–13), 2686–2697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2006. 07.019.
[47] Costa, M.; Borges, C. L.; Bailão, A. M.; Meirelles, G. V.; Mendonça, Y. A.; Dantas, S. F. I. M.; de
Faria, F. P.; Felipe, M. S. S.; Molinari-Madlum, E. E. W. I.; Mendes-Giannini, M. J. S.; Fiuza, R. B.;
Martins, W. S.; Pereira, M.; Soares, C. M. A. Transcriptome Profiling of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Yeast-Phase Cells Recovered from Infected Mice Brings New Insights into Fungal Response upon Host
Interaction. Microbiology (N Y) 2007, 153 (12), 4194–4207.
https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.2007/009332-0.
[48] Camacho, E.; Niño-Vega, G. A. Paracoccidioides spp.: Virulence Factors and Immune-Evasion
Strategies. Mediators of Inflammation. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5313691.
[49] Soares, D. A.; De Andrade, R. V.; Silva, S. S.; Bocca, A. L.; Soares Felipe, S. M.; Petrofeza, S.
Extracellular Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Phospholipase B Involvement in Alveolar Macrophage
Interaction. BMC Microbiol 2010, 10 (1), 241. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-10-241.
[50] Marcos, C. M.; Oliveira, H. C. de; da Silva, J. de F.; Assato, P. A.; Fusco-Almeida, A. M.;
Mendes Giannini, M. J. S. The Multifaceted Roles of Metabolic Enzymes in the Paracoccidioides Species
Complex. Front Microbiol 2014, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00719.
[51] Baker, H. V. GCR1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Encodes a DNA Binding Protein Whose Binding Is
Abolished by Mutations in the CTTCC Sequence Motif. Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA 1991, 88 (21), 9443–9447.
[52] Vallejo, M. C.; Nakayasu, E. S.; Matsuo, A. L.; Sobreira, T. J. P.; Longo, L. V. G.; Ganiko, L.; Almeida,
I. C.; Puccia, R. Vesicle and Vesicle-Free Extracellular Proteome of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis:
Comparative Analysis with Other Pathogenic Fungi. In Journal of Proteome Research; 2012; Vol. 11,
pp 1676–1685. https://doi.org/10.1021/pr200872s.
[53] Donofrio, F. C.; Calil, A. C. A.; Miranda, E. T.; Almeida, A. M. F.; Benard, G.; Soares, C. P.; Veloso,
S. N.; De Almeida Soares, C. M.; Mendes Giannini, M. J. S. Enolase from Paracoccidioides
brasiliensis: Isolation and Identification as a Fibronectin-Binding Protein.
J Med Microbiol 2009, 58 (6), 706–713. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.003830-0.
[54] Felipe, M. S. S.; Torres, F. A. G.; Maranhão, A. Q.; Silva-Pereira, I.; Poças-Fonseca, M. J.; Campos,
E. G.; Moraes, L. M. P.; Arraes, F. B. M.; Carvalho, M. J. A.; Andrade, R. V; Nicola, A. M.; Teixeira,
M. M.; Jesuíno, R. S. A.; Pereira, M.; Soares, C. M. A.; Brígido, M. M. Functional Genome of the
Human Pathogenic Fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. FEMS Immunology and Medical
Microbiology. 2005, pp 369–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsim.2005.05.013.
[55] de Oliveira, P.; Juliano, M. A.; Tanaka, A. S.; Carmona, A. K.; dos Santos, S. M. B.; de Barros, B. C.
S. C.; Maza, P. K.; Puccia, R.; Suzuki, E. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Induces Cytokine Secretion in
Epithelial Cells in a Protease-Activated Receptor-Dependent (PAR) Manner. Med Microbiol Immunol
2017, 206 (2), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-016-0490-x.
[56] Parente, J. A.; Salem-Izacc, S. M.; Santana, J. M.; Pereira, M.; Borges, C. L.; Bailão, A. M.; Soares, C.
M. A Secreted Serine Protease of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Its Interactions with Fungal
Proteins. BMC Microbiol 2010, 10 (1), 292. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-10-292.
[57] Castilho, D. G.; Chaves, A. F. A.; Navarro, M. V.; Conceição, P. M.; Ferreira, K. S.; da Silva, L. S.;
Xander, P.; Batista, W. L. Secreted Aspartyl Proteinase (PbSap) Contributes to the Virulence of
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018, 12 (9).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006806.
[58] De Assis Tacco, B. A. C.; Parente, J. A.; Barbosa, M. S.; Báo, S. N.; De Souza Góses, T.; Pereira, M.;
De Almeida Soares, C. M. Characterization of a Secreted Aspartyl Protease of the Fungal Pathogen
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Med Mycol 2009, 47 (8), 845–854.
https://doi.org/10.3109/13693780802695512.
[59] Parente, J. A.; Salem-Izacc, S. M.; Santana, J. M.; Pereira, M.; Borges, C. L.; Bailão, A. M.; Soares, C.
M. A Secreted Serine Protease of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Its Interactions with Fungal
Proteins. BMC Microbiol 2010, 10 (1), 292. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-10-292.
[60] Silva, M. G.; Silva, M. G.; De Curcio, J. S.; Silva-Bailão, M. G.; Lima, R. M.; Tomazett, M. V.; De
Souza, A. F.; Cruz-Leite, V. R. M.; Sbaraini, N.; Bailão, A. M.; Rodrigues, F.; Rodrigues, F.; Pereira,
M.; Gonçales, R. A.; Gonçales, R. A.; De Almeida Soares, C. M. Molecular Characterization of
Siderophore Biosynthesis in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. IMA Fungus 2020, 11 (1), 11.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-020-00035-x.
[61] Bailão, E. F. L. C.; Lima, P. de S.; Silva-Bailão, M. G.; Bailão, A. M.; Fernandes, G. da R.; Kosman,
D. J.; Soares, C. M. de A. Paracoccidioides spp. Ferrous and Ferric Iron Assimilation Pathways. Front
Microbiol 2015, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00821.
[62] Silva-Bailão, M. G.; Bailão, E. F. L. C.; Lechner, B. E.; Gauthier, G. M.; Lindner, H.; Bailão, A. M.;
Haas, H.; de Almeida Soares, C. M. Hydroxamate Production as a High Affinity Iron Acquisition
Mechanism in Paracoccidioides spp. PLoS One 2014, 9 (8), e105805.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105805.
[63] Parente, A. F. A.; Bailão, A. M.; Borges, C. L.; Parente, J. A.; Magalhães, A. D.; Ricart, C. A. O.;
Soares, C. M. A. Proteomic Analysis Reveals That Iron Availability Alters the Metabolic Status of the
Pathogenic Fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. PLoS One 2011, 6 (7).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022810.
[64] Dias-Melicio, L. A.; Moreira, A. P.; Calvi, S. A.; Soares, A. M. V. D. C. Chloroquine Inhibits
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Survival within Human Monocytes by Limiting the Availability of
Intracellular Iron. Microbiol Immunol 2006, 50 (4), 307–314.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03798.x.
[65] Dias-Melicio, L. A.; Calvi, S. A.; Peraçoli, M. T. S.; Soares, Â. M. V. de C. Inhibitory Effect of
Deferoxamine on Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Survival in Human Monocytes: Reversal by
Holotransferrin Not by Apotransferrin. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2005, 47 (5), 263–266.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46652005000500005.
[66] Bailão, E. F. L. C.; Parente, J. A.; Pigosso, L. L.; de Castro, K. P.; Fonseca, F. L.; Silva-Bailão, M. G.;
Báo, S. N.; Bailão, A. M.; Rodrigues, M. L.; Hernandez, O.; McEwen, J. G.; Soares, C. M. de A.
Hemoglobin Uptake by Paracoccidioides spp. Is Receptor-Mediated. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014, 8 (5).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002856.
[67] Bailão, E. F. L. C.; Parente, J. A.; Pigosso, L. L.; de Castro, K. P.; Fonseca, F. L.; Silva-Bailão, M. G.;
Báo, S. N.; Bailão, A. M.; Rodrigues, M. L.; Hernandez, O.; McEwen, J. G.; Soares, C. M. de A.
Hemoglobin Uptake by Paracoccidioides spp. Is Receptor-Mediated. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014, 8 (5).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002856.
[68] de Souza, A. F.; Tomazett, M. V.; E Silva, K. S. F.; de Curcio, J. S.; Pereira, C. A.; Baeza, L. C.; Paccez,
J. D.; Gonçales, R. A.; Rodrigues, F.; Pereira, M.; de Almeida Soares, C. M. Interacting with
Hemoglobin: Paracoccidioides spp. Recruits Hsp30 on Its Cell Surface for Enhanced Ability to Use
This Iron Source. Journal of Fungi 2021, 7 (1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7010021.
[69] Almeida-Paes, R.; Almeida, M. A.; Baeza, L. C.; Marmello, L. A. M.; Trugilho, M. R. de O.;
Nosanchuk, J. D.; Soares, C. M. de A.; Valente, R. H.; Zancopé-Oliveira, R. M. Beyond Melanin:
Proteomics Reveals Virulence-Related Proteins in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides
lutzii Yeast Cells Grown in the Presence of l-Dihydroxyphenylalanine.
Journal of Fungi 2020, 6 (4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040328.
[70] Emidio, E. C. P.; Urán J., M. E.; Silva, L. B. R.; Dias, L. S.; Doprado, M.; Nosanchuk, J. D.; Taborda,
C. P. Melanin as a Virulence Factor in Different Species of Genus Paracoccidioides. Journal of Fungi
2020, 6 (4), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040291.
[71] Taborda, C. P.; da Silva, M. B.; Nosanchuk, J. D.; Travassos, L. R. Melanin as a Virulence Factor of
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Other Dimorphic Pathogenic Fungi: A Minireview. Mycopathologia
2008, 165 (4–5), 331–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-007-9061-4.
[72] da Silva, M. B.; Marques, A. F.; Nosanchuk, J. D.; Casadevall, A.; Travassos, L. R.; Taborda, C. P.
Melanin in the Dimorphic Fungal Pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: Effects on Phagocytosis,
Intracellular Resistance and Drug Susceptibility. Microbes Infect 2006, 8 (1), 197–205.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2005.06.018.
[73] Taborda, C. P.; da Silva, M. B.; Nosanchuk, J. D.; Travassos, L. R. Melanin as a Virulence Factor of
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Other Dimorphic Pathogenic Fungi: A Minireview. Mycopathologia
2008, 165 (4–5), 331–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-007-9061-4.
[74] Ketelut-Carneiro, N.; Silva, G. K.; Rocha, F. A.; Milanezi, C. M.; Cavalcanti-Neto, F. F.; Zamboni, D.
S.; Silva, J. S. IL-18 Triggered by the Nlrp3 Inflammasome Induces Host Innate Resistance in a
Pulmonary Model of Fungal Infection. The Journal of Immunology 2015, 194 (9), 4507–4517.
https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1402321.
[75] Souto, P. C. S.; Brito, V. N.; Gameiro, J.; Da Cruz-Höfling, M. A.; Verinaud, L. Programmed Cell
Death in Thymus during Experimental Paracoccidioidomycosis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2003, 192
(4), 225–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-003-0180-3.
[76] Soares Mendes-Giannini, M. J.; Hanna, S. A.; Monteiro Da Silva, J. L.; Andreotti, P. F.; Vincenzi, L.
R.; Benard, G.; Lenzi, H. L.; Soares, C. P. Invasion of Epithelial Mammalian Cells by Paracoccidioides
brasiliensis Leads to Cytoskeletal Rearrangement and Apoptosis of the Host Cell. Microbes Infect
2004, 6 (10), 882–891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2004.05.005.
[77] Silva, S. S.; Paes, H. C.; Soares, C. M. A.; Fernandes, L.; Felipe, M. S. S. Insights into the Pathobiology
of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis from Transcriptome Analysis – Advances and Perspectives.
Mycopathologia. April 2008, pp 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-007-9071-2.
[78] Silva, J. F. L.; Vicentim, J.; Oliveira, H. C.; Marcos, C. M.; Assato, P. A.; Andreotti, P. F.; Silva, J. F.
L.; Soares, C. P.; Benard, G.; Almeida, A. M.; Mendes-Giannini, M. J.; De Fátima Da Silva, J.;
Vicentim, J.; Cesar De Oliveira, H.; Marcos, C. M.; Assato, P. A.; Andreotti, P. F.; Leal, J.; Da Silva,
M.; Soares, C. P.; Benard, G.; Marisa, A.; Almeida, F.; Soares Mendes-Giannini, M. J. Influence of the
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 14-3-3 and Gp43 Proteins on the Induction of Apoptosis in A549
Epithelial Cells. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015, 110 (4), 476–484.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760150057.
[79] del Vecchio, A.; da Silva, J. de F.; da Silva, L. M. J.; Andreotti, P. F.; Soares, C. P.; Benard, G.;
Giannini, M. J. S. M. Induction of Apoptosis in A549 Pulmonary Cells by Two Paracoccidioides
brasiliensis Samples. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009, 104 (5), 749–754.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762009000500015.
[80] Campanelli, A. P.; Martins, G. A.; Souto, J. T.; Pereira, M. S. F.; Livonesi, M. C.; Martinez, R.; Silva,
J. S. Fas-Fas Ligand (CD95-CD95L) and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4 Engagement Mediate T
Cell Unresponsiveness in Patients with Paracoccidioidomycosis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003,
187 (9), 1496–1505. https://doi.org/10.1086/374646.
[81] Prado, M.; Silva, M. B. da; Laurenti, R.; Travassos, L. R.; Taborda, C. P. Mortality Due to Systemic
Mycoses as a Primary Cause of Death or in Association with AIDS in Brazil: A Review from 1996 to
2006. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009, 104 (3), 513–521.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762009000300019.
[82] Giacomazzi, J.; Baethgen, L.; Carneiro, L. C.; Millington, M. A.; Denning, D. W.; Colombo, A. L.;
Pasqualotto, A. C.; Association With The, L. P. The Burden of Serious Human Fungal Infections in
Brazil. Mycoses 2016, 59 (3), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12427.
[83] Shikanai-Yasuda, M. A.; Mendes, R. P.; Colombo, A. L.; Queiroz-Telles, F.; Kono, A. S. G.; Paniago,
A. M. M.; Nathan, A.; Valle, A. C. F. D.; Bagagli, E.; Benard, G.; Ferreira, M. S.; Teixeira, M. M.;
Silva-Vergara, M. L.; Pereira, R. M.; Cavalcante, R. S.; Hahn, R.; Durlacher, R. R.; Khoury, Z.;
Camargo, Z. P.; Moretti, M. L.; Martinez, R. Brazilian Guidelines for the Clinical Management of
Paracoccidioidomycosis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017, 50 (5), 715–740.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0230-2017.
[84] Shikanai-Yasuda, M. A.; Mendes, R. P.; Colombo, A. L.; Queiroz-Telles, F. de; Kono, A. S. G.;
Paniago, A. M. M.; Nathan, A.; Valle, A. C. F. do; Bagagli, E.; Benard, G.; Ferreira, M. S.; Teixeira,
M. de M.; Silva-Vergara, M. L.; Pereira, R. M.; Cavalcante, R. de S.; Hahn, R.; Durlacher, R. R.;
Khoury, Z.; Camargo, Z. P. de; Moretti, M. L.; Martinez, R. Brazilian Guidelines for the Clinical
Management of Paracoccidioidomycosis . Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical .
scielo 2017, pp 715–740.
[85] Hahn, R. C.; Rodrigues, A. M.; Della Terra, P. P.; Nery, A. F.; Hoffmann-Santos, H. D.; Góis, H. M.;
Fontes, C. J. F.; de Camargo, Z. P. Clinical and Epidemiological Features of Paracoccidioidomycosis
Due to Paracoccidioides lutzii. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019, 13 (6), e0007437.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007437.
[86] Paniago, A. M. M.; Aguiar, J. I. A.; Aguiar, E. S.; Cunha, R. V. da; Pereira, G. R. de O. L.; Londero,
A. T.; Wanke, B. Paracoccidioidomicose: Estudo Clínico e Epidemiológico de 422 Casos Observados
No Estado de Mato Grosso Do Sul [Paracoccidioidomycosis: Clinical and Epidemiological Study of
422 Cases Observed in the State of Mato Grosso Do Sul]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2003, 36 (4), 455–459. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86822003000400004.
[87] Delboni Nunes, N. E.; Schmidt, E. B.; Massaroni Peçanha, M. A.; Zanotti, R. L.; Gonçalves Ferreira,
C. U.; Lamas de Araújo, M.; Potratz, F. F.; Peçanha, P. M.; Batista Ferreira, M. E.; Delmaestro, D.;
Falqueto, A. Paracoccidioidomycosis: Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects in 546 Cases Studied in
the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017, 97 (3), 836–844.
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0790.
[88] Bellissimo-Rodrigues, F.; Bollela, V. R.; Da Fonseca, B. A.; Martinez, R. Endemic
Paracoccidioidomycosis: Relationship between Clinical Presentation and Patients’ Demographic
Features. Med Mycol 2013, 51 (3), 313–318. https://doi.org/10.3109/13693786.2012.714529.
[89] Menezes, V. M.; Rossi, S. B. R. S.; Fontes, C. J. F.; Hahn, R. C.; Leal-Santos, F. A.; Crepaldi, N. P.;
Nery, A. F.; Tadano, T. Therapeutic Response in Adult Patients with Nonsevere Chronic
Paracoccidioidomycosis Treated with Sulfamethoxazole–Trimethoprim: A Retrospective Study. Am J
Trop Med Hyg 2017, 97 (2), 556–562. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0255.
[90] Shankar, J.; Restrepo, A.; Clemons, K. V; Stevens, D. A. Hormones and the Resistance of Women to
Paracoccidioidomycosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011, 24 (2), 296–313.
https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00062-10.
[91] Aristizábal, B. H.; Clemons, K. V.; Cock, A. M.; Restrepo, A.; Stevens, D. A. Experimental
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Infection in Mice: Influence of the Hormonal Status of the Host on Tissue
Responses. Med Mycol 2002, 40 (2), 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/mmy.40.2.169.178.
[92] Restrepo, A.; Salazar, M. E.; Cano, L. E.; Stover, E. P.; Feldman, D.; Stevens, D. A. Estrogens Inhibit
Mycelium-to-Yeast Transformation in the Fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: Implications for
Resistance of Females to Paracoccidioidomycosis. Infect Immun 1984, 46 (2), 346–353.
https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.46.2.346-353.1984.
[93] Loose, D. S.; Stover, E. P.; Restrepo, A.; Stevens, D. A.; Feldman, D. Estradiol Binds to a
Receptor like Cytosol Binding Protein and Initiates a Biological Response in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1983, 80 (24), 7659–7663.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.80.24.7659.
[94] Martinez, R. New Trends in Paracoccidioidomycosis Epidemiology. J Fungi (Basel) 2017, 3 (1).
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof3010001.
[95] Benard, G.; Duarte, A. J. Paracoccidioidomycosis: A Model for Evaluation of the Effects of Human
Immunodeficiency Virus Infection on the Natural History of Endemic Tropical Diseases. Clin Infect
Dis 2000, 31 (4), 1032–1039. https://doi.org/10.1086/318146.
[96] Santos, A. R. dos; Dionizio, A.; Fernandes, M. da S.; Buzalaf, M. A. R.; Pereira, B.; Donanzam, D. de
F. A.; Ribeiro, S. M.; Paniago, A. M. M.; Cavalcante, R. de S.; Mendes, R. P.; Venturini, J. Proteomic
Analysis of Serum Samples of Paracoccidioidomycosis Patients with Severe Pulmonary Sequel. PLoS
Negl Trop Dis 2021, 15 (8), e0009714. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009714.
[97] González, Á. The Therapy of Pulmonary Fibrosis in Paracoccidioidomycosis: What Are the New
Experimental Approaches? Journal of Fungi 2020, 6 (4), 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040217.
[98] Marques, S. A. Paracoccidioidomycosis. Clin Dermatol 2012, 30 (6), 610–615.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2012.01.006.
[99] Bicalho, R. N.; Santo, M. F.; de Aguiar, M. C.; Santos, V. R. Oral Paracoccidioidomycosis: A
Retrospective Study of 62 Brazilian Patients. Oral Dis 2001, 7 (1), 56–60.
[100] Alvares, B. A.; Gracia, C. A. L.; Marques, M. E. A.; Marques, S. A. Paracoccidioidomycosis: An
Uncommon Clinical Presentation. An Bras Dermatol 2020, 95 (6), 740–742.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abd.2020.06.001.
[101] Pacheco, F. B.; Venier, N. A. B.; Bueno, A. L.; Almeida, A. L. de; Milman, L.; Koehler, A.; Pagani, D.
M.; Scroferneker, M. L. Isolated Cutaneous Lesions in Paracoccidioidomycosis: A Suggestive Case of
Acquisition through Cutaneous Inoculation. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2021, 63.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-9946202163022.
[102] Vermelho, M. B. F.; Correia, A. S.; Michailowsky, T. C. de A.; Suzart, E. K. K.; Ibanês, A. S.; Almeida,
L. A.; Khoury, Z.; Barba, M. F. Abdominal Alterations in Disseminated Paracoccidioidomycosis:
Computed Tomography Findings. Radiol Bras 2015, 48 (2), 81–85.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-3984.2013.0025.
[103] Wickes, B. L.; Wiederhold, N. P. Molecular Diagnostics in Medical Mycology. Nat Commun 2018, 9
(1), 5135. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07556-5.
[104] Camargo, Z. P.; Rodrigues, A. M. Paracoccidioides Complex. In Pocket Guide to Mycological
Diagnosis; Boca Raton, 2019; pp 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1201/b22205.
[105] Vicentini, A. Paracoccidioidomicose: Histórico, Etiologia, Epidemiologia, Patogênese, Formas
Clínicas, Diagnóstico Laboratorial e Antígenos [Paracoccidioidomycosis: History, Etiology,
Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Forms, Laboratory Diagnosis and Antigens]. Boletim
Epidemiológico Paulista 2008, 5, 11–24.
[106] Lacaz, C. S.; Porto, E.; Martins, J. E. C.; Heins-Vaccari, E. M. Takahashi De Melo, N.
Paracoccidioidomicose. In Tratado de Micologia Médica
[Textbook of Medical Mycology]; Sarvier, 2002.
[107] Pinheiro, B. G.; Hahn, R. C.; Camargo, Z. P.; Rodrigues, A. M. Molecular Tools for Detection and
Identification of Paracoccidioides Species: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Journal of Fungi.
2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040293.
[108] Larone, D. H. Medically Important Fungi : A Guide to Identification, 4th ed.;
Washington (D.C.) : ASM press, 2002.
[109] Zancope-Oliveira, R. M.; Pizzini, C. V.; de Medeiros Muniz, M.; do Valle, A. C. F.; Almeida-Paes, R.
Diagnostic Aspects of Paracoccidioidomycosis. Curr Trop Med Rep 2014, 1 (2), 111–118.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-014-0022-y.
[110] Mendes, R. P.; Cavalcante, R. de S.; Marques, S. A.; Marques, M. E. A.; Venturini, J.; Sylvestre, T. F.;
Paniago, A. M. M.; Pereira, A. C.; da Silva, J. de F.; Fabro, A. T.; Bosco, S. de M. G.; Bagagli, E.;
Hahn, R. C.; Levorato, A. D. Paracoccidioidomycosis: Current Perspectives from Brazil. Open
Microbiol J 2017, 11, 224–282. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874285801711010224.
[111] Zancope-Oliveira, R. M.; Pizzini, C. V.; de Medeiros Muniz, M.; do Valle, A. C. F.; Almeida-Paes, R.
Diagnostic Aspects of Paracoccidioidomycosis. Curr Trop Med Rep 2014, 1 (2), 111–118.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-014-0022-y.
[112] Camargo, Z. P.; Rodrigues, A. M. Paracoccidioides Complex. In Pocket Guide to Mycological
Diagnosis; Boca Raton, 2019; pp 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1201/b22205.
[113] da Silva, J. F.; de Oliveira, H. C.; Marcos, C. M.; Assato, P. A.; Fusco-Almeida, A. M.; Mendes Giannini,
M. J. S. Advances and Challenges in Paracoccidioidomycosis Serology Caused by
Paracoccidioides Species Complex: An Update. Diagnostic Microbiology & Infectious Disease
2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.06.004.
[114] Mendes-Giannini, M. J. S.; Melhem, M. C. Infecções Fúngicas. In Diagnóstico Laboratorial das
Principais Doenças Infecciosas e Auto-Imunes [Laboratory diagnosis of the main infectious and
autoimmune diseases]; Ferreira, A. W., Ávila, S. L. M., Eds.; Guanabara Koogan: Rio de Janeiro, 2001.
[115] Vicentini, A. Paracoccidioidomicose: Histórico, Etiologia, Epidemiologia, Patogênese, Formas
Clínicas, Diagnóstico Laboratorial e Antígenos [Paracoccidioidomycosis: History, Etiology,
Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Forms, Laboratory Diagnosis and Antigens].
Boletim Epidemiológico Paulista 2008, 5, 11–24.
[116] Larone, D. H. Medically Important Fungi : A Guide to Identification, 4th ed.;
Washington (D.C.) : ASM press, 2002.
[117] Kidd, S. Descriptions of Medical Fungi / Sarah Kidd, Catriona Halliday, Helen Alexiou and David
Ellis; Halliday, C. L., Alexiou, H., Ellis, D. (David H.), Eds.; Published by authors:
[Adelaide, South Australia], 2016.
[118] Fava Netto, C. Contribuição Para o Estudo Imunológico Da Blastomicose de Lutz
(Blastomicosesul americana) [Contribution to the Immunological Study of Lutz’s Blastomycosis
(South American Blastomycosis)]. Rev. Inst. A. Lutz. 1961, 21 (99–194), 1961.
[119] Ameen, M.; Talhari, C.; Talhari, S. Advances in Paracoccidioidomycosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010, 35
(6), 576–580. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03647.x.
[120] Franco, M.; Peracoli, M. T.; Soares, A.; Montenegro, R.; Mendes, R. P.; Meira, D. A. Host-Parasite
Relationship in Paracoccidioidomycosis. Curr Top Med Mycol 1993, 5, 115–149.
[121] Da Silva, F. C.; Svidzinski, T. I. E.; Patussi, E. V; Cardoso, C. P.; De Oliveira Dalalio, M. M.;
Hernandes, L. Morphologic Organization of Pulmonary Granulomas in Mice Infected with
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009, 80 (5), 798–804.
[122] Moreto, T. C.; Marques, M. E.; de Oliveira, M. L.; Moris, D. V; de Carvalho, L. R.; Mendes, R. P.
Accuracy of Routine Diagnostic Tests Used in Paracoccidioidomycosis Patients at a University
Hospital. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2011, 105 (8), 473–478.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2011.03.001.
[123] Restrepo, A.; Moncada, L. H. Indirect Fluorescent-Antibody and Quantitative Agar-Gel
Immunodiffusion Tests for the Serological Diagnosis of Paracoccidioidomycosis.
Appl Microbiol 1972, 24 (1), 132–137.
[124] Netto, C. F.; Guerra, M. A.; Costa, E. O.; Yasuda, P. H. [Contribution to the immunology of
paracoccidiodomycosis. Comparison between the technic of Wadsworth, Maltaner and Maltaner and
the micromethod for complement fixation and the precipitin reaction in liquid media and in agar gel].
Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1976, 18 (2), 81–86.
[125] Cano, L.; Restrepo, A. Predictive Value of Serologic Tests in the Diagnosis and Follow-up of Patients
with Paracoccidioidomycosis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1987, 29, 276–283.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46651987000500003.
[126] Negro, G.; Garcia, N.; Rodrigues, E.; Cano, M. I.; Aguiar, M.; Lírio, V.; Lacaz, C. The Sensitivity,
Specificity and Efficiency Values of Some Serological Tests Used in the Diagnosis of
Paracoccidioidomycosis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1991, 33, 277–280.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46651991000400006.
[127] Vidal, M. S. M.; Del Negro, G. M. B.; Vicentini, A. P.; Svidzinski, T. I. E.; Mendes-Giannini, M. J.;
Almeida, A. M. F.; Martinez, R.; de Camargo, Z. P.; Taborda, C. P.; Benard, G. Serological Diagnosis
of Paracoccidioidomycosis: High Rate of Inter-Laboratorial Variability among Medical Mycology
Reference Centers. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014, 8 (9), e3174.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003174.
[128] de Camargo, Z. P. Serology of Paracoccidioidomycosis. Mycopathologia 2008, 165 (4–5), 289–302.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-007-9060-5.
[129] Sylvestre, T. F.; Franciscone Silva, L. R.; Cavalcante, R. de S.; Moris, D. V.; Venturini, J.; Vicentini,
A. P.; de Carvalho, L. R.; Mendes, R. P. Prevalence and Serological Diagnosis of Relapse in
Paracoccidioidomycosis Patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014, 8 (5), e2834.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002834.
[130] Giusiano, G.; Aguirre, C.; Vratnica, C.; Rojas, F.; Corallo, T.; Cattana, M. E.; Fernández, M.; Mussin,
J.; de Los Angeles Sosa, M. Emergence of Acute/Subacute Infant-Juvenile Paracoccidioidomycosis in
Northeast Argentina: Effect of Climatic and Anthropogenic Changes? Med Mycol 2019, 57 (1), 30–37.
https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myx153.
[131] Restrepo, M. A. [The immunodiffusion technic in the diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis].
Sabouraudia 1966, 4 (4), 223–230.
[132] Siqueira, A. M.; Lacaz, C. S. Serologic Characterization of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis E2 Antigen.
Braz J Med Biol Res 1991, 24 (8), 807–813.
[133] de Camargo, Z. P. Serology of Paracoccidioidomycosis. Mycopathologia 2008, 165 (4–5), 289–302.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-007-9060-5.
[134] Bellissimo-Rodrigues, F.; Vitali, L. H.; Martinez, R. Serological Diagnosis of Paracoccidioidomycosis
in HIV-Coinfected Patients. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010, 105 (7), 904–907.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762010000700011.
[135] Albuquerque, C. F.; da Silva, S. H.; Camargo, Z. P. Improvement of the Specificity of an Enzyme
Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Diagnosis of Paracoccidioidomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43 (4),
1944–1946. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.4.1944-1946.2005.
[136] Kostiala, A. A.; Kostiala, I. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for IgM, IgG and IgA
Class Antibodies against Candida albicans Antigens: Development and Comparison with Other
Methods. Sabouraudia 1981, 19 (2), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/00362178185380191.
[137] Desgeorges, P. T.; Ambroise-Thomas, P.; Goullier, A. [Cryptococcosis: serodiagnosis
by immuno enzymology (ELISA) (author’s transl)]. Nouv Presse Med 1979, 8 (13), 1055–1056.
[138] Teles, F. R.; Martins, M. L. Laboratorial Diagnosis of Paracoccidioidomycosis and New Insights for
the Future of Fungal Diagnosis. Talanta 2011, 85 (5), 2254–2264.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.07.099.
[139] Blotta, M. H.; Camargo, Z. P. Immunological Response to Cell-Free Antigens of Paracoccidioides
brasiliensis: Relationship with Clinical Forms of Paracoccidioidomycosis.
J Clin Microbiol 1993, 31 (3), 671–676.
[140] Taborda, C. P.; Camargo, Z. P. Diagnosis of Paracoccidioidomycosis by Dot Immunobinding Assay
for Antibody Detection Using the Purified and Specific Antigen Gp43.
J Clin Microbiol 1994, 32 (2), 554–556.
[141] Restrepo, A.; Moncada, L. H. [A slide latex test for the diagnosis of paracoccidiodomycosis]. Bol
Oficina Sanit Panam 1978, 84 (6), 520–532.
[142] Dos Santos, P. O.; Rodrigues, A. M.; Fernandes, G. F.; da Silva, S. H. M.; Burger, E.; de Camargo, Z.
P. Immunodiagnosis of Paracoccidioidomycosis Due to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Using a Latex
Test: Detection of Specific Antibody Anti-Gp43 and Specific Antigen Gp43. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015,
9 (2), e0003516. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003516.
[143] Netto, C. F.; Guerra, M. A.; Costa, E. O.; Yasuda, P. H. [Contribution to the immunology of
paracoccidiodomycosis. Comparison between the technic of Wadsworth, Maltaner and Maltaner and
the micromethod for complement fixation and the precipitin reaction in liquid media and in agar gel].
Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1976, 18 (2), 81–86.
[144] Cocio, T. A.; Martinez, R. Serological Diagnosis of Paracoccidioidomycosis Using a Paracoccidioides
spp. Comercial Antigen and the Counterimmunoelectrophoresis Method. Braz J Infect Dis 2021,
101607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2021.101607.
[145] Camargo, Z. P.; Unterkircher, C.; Travassos, L. R. Identification of Antigenic Polypeptides of
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis by Immunoblotting. J Med Vet Mycol 1989, 27 (6), 407–412.
[146] Lenhard-Vidal, A.; Assolini, J. P.; Ono, M. A.; Bredt, C. S. O.; Sano, A.; Itano, E. N. Paracoccidioides
brasiliensis and P. Lutzii Antigens Elicit Different Serum IgG Responses in Chronic Paracoccidioido mycosis.
Mycopathologia 2013, 176 (5–6), 345–352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-013-9698-0.
[147] Batista, J. J.; de Camargo, Z. P.; Fernandes, G. F.; Vicentini, A. P.; Fontes, C. J. F.; Hahn, R. C. Is the
Geographical Origin of a Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Isolate Important for Antigen Production for
Regional Diagnosis of Paracoccidioidomycosis? Mycoses. Germany March 2010, pp 176–180.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2008.01687.x.
[148] Saraiva, E. C.; Altemani, A.; Franco, M. F.; Unterkircher, C. S.; Camargo, Z. P. Paracoccidioides
brasiliensis-Gp43 Used as Paracoccidioidin. J Med Vet Mycol 1996, 34 (3), 155–161.
[149] Vicentini, A. P.; Gesztesi, J. L.; Franco, M. F.; de Souza, W.; de Moraes, J. Z.; Travassos, L. R.; Lopes,
J. D. Binding of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis to Laminin through Surface Glycoprotein Gp43 Leads
to Enhancement of Fungal Pathogenesis. Infect Immun 1994, 62 (4), 1465–1469.
[150] Moura Campos, M. C. R.; Gesztesi, J.-L.; Vincentini, A. P.; Lopes, J. D.; Camargo, Z. P. Expression
and Isoforms of Gp43 in Different Strains of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Journal of Medical and
Veterinary Mycology 1995, 33 (4), 223–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681219580000461.
[151] Hahn, R. C.; Rodrigues, A. M.; Fontes, C. J. F.; Nery, A. F.; Tadano, T.; Queiroz, L. de P. J.; de
Camargo, Z. P. Fatal Fungemia Due to Paracoccidioides lutzii. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014, 91 (2),
394–398. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.13-0482.
[152] Marques-da-Silva, S. H.; Rodrigues, A. M.; de Hoog, G. S.; Silveira-Gomes, F.; Camargo, Z. P. de.
Occurrence of Paracoccidioides lutzii in the Amazon Region: Description of Two Cases. Am J Trop
Med Hyg 2012, 87 (4), 710–714. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0340.
[153] Queiroz Júnior, L. de P.; de Camargo, Z. P.; Tadano, T.; Rodrigues, A. M.; Takarara, D. T.;
Gegembauer, G.; Araujo, L. M.; Hahn, R. C. Serological and Antigenic Profiles of Clinical Isolates of
Paracoccidioides spp. from Central Western Brazil. Mycoses 2014, 57 (8), 466–472.
https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12183.
[154] Batista, J. J.; de Camargo, Z. P.; Fernandes, G. F.; Vicentini, A. P.; Fontes, C. J. F.; Hahn, R. C. Is the
Geographical Origin of a Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Isolate Important for Antigen Production for
Regional Diagnosis of Paracoccidioidomycosis? Mycoses. Germany March 2010, pp 176–180.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2008.01687.x.
[155] Gegembauer, G.; Araujo, L. M.; Pereira, E. F.; Rodrigues, A. M.; Paniago, A. M. M.; Hahn, R. C.; de
Camargo, Z. P. Serology of Paracoccidioidomycosis Due to Paracoccidioides lutzii. PLoS Negl Trop
Dis 2014, 8 (7), e2986. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002986.
[156] Camargo, Z. P.; Gesztesi, J. L.; Saraiva, E. C.; Taborda, C. P.; Vicentini, A. P.; Lopes, J. D. Monoclonal
Antibody Capture Enzyme Immunoassay for Detection of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Antibodies in
Paracoccidioidomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 1994, 32 (10), 2377–2381.
[157] Leitão Jr, N. P.; Vallejo, M. C.; Conceição, P. M.; Camargo, Z. P.; Hahn, R.; Puccia, R.
Paracoccidioides lutzii Plp43 Is an Active Glucanase with Partial Antigenic Identity with P. brasiliensis
Gp43. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014, 8 (8), e3111–e3111. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd. 0003111.
[158] Pereira, E. F.; Gegembauer, G.; Chang, M. R.; Camargo, Z. P. de; Nunes, T. F.; Ribeiro, S. M.;
Carvalho, L. R. de; Maldonado, B. M.; Mendes, R. P.; Paniago, A. M. M. Comparison of Clinico Epidemiological and Radiological Features in Paracoccidioidomycosis Patients Regarding Serological
Classification Using Antigens from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Complex and Paracoccidioides
lutzii. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020, 14 (8), e0008485–e0008485.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008485.
[159] Gegembauer, G.; Araujo, L. M.; Pereira, E. F.; Rodrigues, A. M.; Paniago, A. M. M.; Hahn, R. C.; de
Camargo, Z. P. Serology of Paracoccidioidomycosis Due to Paracoccidioides lutzii. PLoS Negl Trop
Dis 2014, 8 (7), e2986. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002986.
[160] Rodrigues, A. M.; Kubitschek-Barreira, P. H.; Pinheiro, B. G.; Teixeira-Ferreira, A.; Hahn, R. C.; de
Camargo, Z. P. Immunoproteomic Analysis Reveals Novel Candidate Antigens for the Diagnosis of
Paracoccidioidomycosis Due to Paracoccidioides lutzii. Journal of Fungi . 2020.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040357.
[161] Queiroz Júnior, L. de P.; de Camargo, Z. P.; Tadano, T.; Rodrigues, A. M.; Takarara, D. T.;
Gegembauer, G.; Araujo, L. M.; Hahn, R. C. Serological and Antigenic Profiles of Clinical Isolates of
Paracoccidioides spp. from Central Western Brazil. Mycoses 2014, 57 (8), 466–472.
https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12183.
[162] Rodrigues, A. M.; Kubitschek-Barreira, P. H.; Pinheiro, B. G.; Teixeira-Ferreira, A.; Hahn, R. C.; de
Camargo, Z. P. Immunoproteomic Analysis Reveals Novel Candidate Antigens for the Diagnosis of
Paracoccidioidomycosis Due to Paracoccidioides lutzii. Journal of Fungi. 2020.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040357.
[163] Maricato, J. T.; Batista, W. L.; Kioshima, E. S.; Feitosa, L. S.; e Brito, R. R. N.; Goldman, G. H.;
Mariano, M.; Puccia, R.; Lopes, J. D. The Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Gp70 Antigen Is Encoded by
a Putative Member of the Flavoproteins Monooxygenase Family.
Fungal Genet Biol 2010, 47 (2), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2009.10.002.
[164] de Mattos Grosso, D.; de Almeida, S. R.; Mariano, M.; Lopes, J. D. Characterization of Gp70 and
Anti Gp70 Monoclonal Antibodies in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2003, 71
(11), 6534–6542. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.71.11.6534-6542.2003.
[165] da Silva, S. H. M.; Grosso, D. de M.; Lopes, J. D.; Colombo, A. L.; Blotta, M. H. S. L.; Queiroz-Telles,
F.; de Camargo, Z. P. Detection of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Gp70 Circulating Antigen and Follow up of
Patients Undergoing Antimycotic Therapy. J Clin Microbiol 2004, 42 (10), 4480–4486.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.10.4480-4486.2004.
[166] Caldini, C. P.; Xander, P.; Kioshima, É. S.; Bachi, A. L. L.; de Camargo, Z. P.; Mariano, M.; Lopes, J.
D. Synthetic Peptides Mimic Gp75 from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in the Diagnosis of
Paracoccidioidomycosis. Mycopathologia 2012, 174 (1), 1–10.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-011-9518-3.
[167] Portes, L. da S.; Kioshima, E. S.; de Camargo, Z. P.; Batista, W. L.; Xander, P. Subtractive Phage
Display Selection for Screening and Identification of Peptide Sequences with Potential Use in
Serodiagnosis of Paracoccidioidomycosis Caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Lett Appl
Microbiol 2017, 65 (5), 346–353. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.12788.
[168] Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints: Preferred Definitions and Conceptual Framework. Clin
Pharmacol Ther 2001, 69 (3), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1067/mcp.2001.113989.
[169] Pinheiro, B. G.; Hahn, R. C.; Camargo, Z. P.; Rodrigues, A. M. Molecular Tools for Detection and
Identification of Paracoccidioides Species: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Journal of Fungi .
2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040293.
[170] Mendes, J. F.; Poester, V. R.; Groll, A. Von; Meireles, M. C. A.; Xavier, M. O. Molecular Detection of
Paracoccidioides in Soil from an Urban Area of Southern Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020, 53,
e20190172. https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0172-2019.
[171] Díez, S.; Garcia, E. A.; Pino, P. A.; Botero, S.; Corredor, G. G.; Peralta, L. A.; Castaño, J. H.; Restrepo,
A.; McEwen, J. G. PCR with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Specific Primers: Potential Use in
Ecological Studies. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1999, 41 (6), 351–358.
[172] Arantes, T. D.; Theodoro, R. C.; Da Graça Macoris, S. A.; Bagagli, E. Detection of Paracoccidioides
spp. in Environmental Aerosol Samples. Med Mycol 2013, 51 (1), 83–92.
https://doi.org/10.3109/13693786.2012.698444.
[173] Sewell, D. L. Laboratory-Associated Infections and Biosafety.
Clin Microbiol Rev 1995, 8 (3), 389–405. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.8.3.389.
[174] Gómez, B. L. Molecular Diagnosis of Endemic and Invasive Mycoses: Advances and Challenges. Rev
Iberoam Micol 2014, 31 (1), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riam.2013.09.009.
[175] Imai, T.; Sano, A.; Mikami, Y.; Watanabe, K.; Aoki, F. H.; Branchini, M. L.; Negroni, R.; Nishimura,
K.; Miyaji, M. A New PCR Primer for the Identification of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Based on
RRNA Sequences Coding the Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) and 5 x 8S Regions.
Med Mycol 2000, 38 (4), 323–326.
[176] Salgado-Salazar, C.; Jones, L. R.; Restrepo, Á.; McEwen, J. G. The Human Fungal Pathogen
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Onygenales: Ajellomycetaceae) Is a Complex of Two Species:
Phylogenetic Evidence from Five Mitochondrial Markers. Cladistics 2010, 26 (6), 613–624.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00307.x.
[177] Matute, D. R.; McEwen, J. G.; Puccia, R.; Montes, B. A.; San-Blas, G.; Bagagli, E.; Rauscher, J. T.;
Restrepo, A.; Morais, F.; Niño-Vega, G.; Taylor, J. W. Cryptic Speciation and Recombination in the
Fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis as Revealed by Gene Genealogies. Mol Biol Evol 2006, 23 (1),
65–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msj008.
[178] Theodoro, R. C.; Teixeira, M. de M.; Felipe, M. S. S.; Paduan, K. dos S.; Ribolla, P. M.; San-Blas, G.;
Bagagli, E. Genus Paracoccidioides: Species Recognition and Biogeographic Aspects.
PLoS One 2012, 7 (5), e37694.
[179] Teixeira, M. de M.; Theodoro, R. C.; Oliveira, F. F. M. de; Machado, G. C.; Hahn, R. C.; Bagagli, E.;
San-Blas, G.; Soares Felipe, M. S. Paracoccidioides lutzii Sp. Nov.: Biological and Clinical
Implications. Med Mycol 2014, 52 (1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.3109/13693786.2013.794311.
[180] Buitrago, M. J.; Merino, P.; Puente, S.; Gomez-Lopez, A.; Arribi, A.; Zancopé-Oliveira, R. M.;
Gutierrez, M. C.; Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L.; Cuenca-Estrella, M. Utility of Real-Time PCR for the
Detection of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis DNA in the Diagnosis of Imported Paracoccidioidomycosis.
Med Mycol 2009, 47 (8), 879–882. https://doi.org/10.3109/13693780802713 208.
[181] Pinheiro, B. G.; Pôssa, A. P.; Della Terra, P. P.; de Carvalho, J. A.; Ricci, G.; Nishikaku, A. S.; Hahn,
R. C.; Camargo, Z. P. de; Rodrigues, A. M. A New Duplex PCR-Assay for the Detection and
Identification of Paracoccidioides Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2021, 7 (3), 169.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7030169.
[182] Valero, C.; de la Cruz-Villar, L.; Zaragoza, Ó.; Buitrago, M. J. New Panfungal Real-Time PCR Assay
for Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infections. J Clin Microbiol 2016, 54 (12), 2910–2918.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01580-16.
[183] K Hussain, K.; Malavia, D.; M Johnson, E.; Littlechild, J.; Winlove, C. P.; Vollmer, F.; Gow, N. A. R.
Biosensors and Diagnostics for Fungal Detection. J Fungi (Basel) 2020, 6 (4), 349.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040349.
[184] Thévenot, D. R.; Toth, K.; Durst, R. A.; Wilson, G. S. Electrochemical Biosensors: Recommended
Definitions and Classification.; England, 2001; Vol. 16.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0956-5663(01)00115-4.
[185] Kwasny, D.; Tehrani, S. E.; Almeida, C.; Schjødt, I.; Dimaki, M.; Svendsen, W. E. Direct Detection of
Candida albicans with a Membrane Based Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Sensor. Sensors
(Basel) 2018, 18 (7). https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072214.
[186] Bhatnagar, I.; Mahato, K.; Ealla, K. K. R.; Asthana, A.; Chandra, P. Chitosan Stabilized Gold
Nanoparticle Mediated Self-Assembled GliP Nanobiosensor for Diagnosis of Invasive Aspergillosis.
Int J Biol Macromol 2018, 110, 449–456.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.084.
[187] Cai, Z.; Kwak, D. H.; Punihaole, D.; Hong, Z.; Velankar, S. S.; Liu, X.; Asher, S. A. A Photonic Crystal
Protein Hydrogel Sensor for Candida albicans. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2015, 54
(44), 13036–13040. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201506205.
[188] Martins, J. F. S.; Castilho, M. L.; Cardoso, M. A. G.; Carreiro, A. P.; Martin, A. A.; Raniero, L.
Identification of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis by Gold Nanoprobes. In Biomedical Vibrational
Spectroscopy V: Advances in Research and Industry; International Society for Optics and Photonics,
2012; Vol. 8219, p 82190Z.
[189] Nobrega de Almeida, J.; Del Negro, G. M.; Grenfell, R. C.; Vidal, M. S.; Thomaz, D. Y.; de Figueiredo,
D. S.;
