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Quick ViewLarge-scale electricity production using wind generators began attracting attention in the United States in the 1970s due to the energy crises initiated by oil embargoes. The first wind plants began to be installed in 1980, stimulated by aggressive policy provisions. Although some of these first installations were under-designed and did not survive the early years…
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Quick ViewThe U.S. petroleum refining industry-the largest refining industry in the world-experienced a period of high product prices and industry profits from the early 2000s through about 2007. Since the recession of 2007 to 2009, the industry has been in transition. Federal and state agencies regulate petroleum refining and the use of petroleum products to protect…
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Quick ViewIn face of the increasingly obvious need to ensure the sustainability of the environment, alternative and renewable energy sources are no longer just the concern of environmentalists and have become commitments of governments virtually everywhere in the world. In this context, ethanol emerges as an excellent substitute for petroleum derivatives. This green alternative fuel is…
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Quick ViewFederal policy has played a key role in the emergence of the U.S. biofuels industry. Policy measures have included minimum renewable fuel usage requirements, blending and production tax credits, an import tariff, loans and loan guarantees, and research grants. One of the more prominent forms of federal policy support is the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS),…
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Quick ViewSince early on in the development of wind-energy production, concerns have arisen about the potential impacts of turbines to wildlife; these concerns have especially focused on the mortality of birds. Structural changes and improved turbine design have been instrumental in reducing mortality in birds. Despite the improvements to turbines that have resulted in reduced mortality…
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Quick ViewThe states and the federal government have supported the development of electricity generation projects in a variety of ways. In recent years, state and federal supports have been targeted toward renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, although there have been some supports for projects using traditional sources—natural gas, coal, and nuclear. This book…
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Quick ViewThis book will introduce the reader to the fundamentals of biogas production, properties, and uses. The chapters focus on biogas as a renewable energy source, biogas production, the chemistry and engineering aspects of anaerobic digestion, landfill gas, biomass gasification, biogas upgrading technology, among other topics. (Imprint: Nova)
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Quick ViewThis book provides current research on the performance, economic factors and effects on the environment of wind farms. The first chapter provides a technical review of wind farm improved performance and environmental development challenges. Chapter Two explores a variety of methods to be used for assessing noise from wind farms. In Chapter Three, the potential…
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Quick ViewThis book provides current research on the sources, applications and emerging technologies of renewable energy. Chapter One explores which policy strategies could be successful for the large-scale deployment of renewable energies. Chapter Two discusses green nanotechnology in bioenergy. Chapter Three explores the position of waste-to-energy in the UK, as one key part of the UK’s…
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Quick ViewRenewable energy is contributing significantly to fulfill the continuously increasing energy demand of the world. Research in the field of renewable energy has to play a vital role if the potential of renewable energy is to be fully exploited. This book is intended to explore some recent developments in the field of these renewable energy…
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Quick ViewGreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and their impacts on global warming have become one of the key issues of major concern in this century. Numerous research efforts have been carried out to address this issue. Governments have been the key drivers for promoting the use of renewable energy for reducing GHG emissions. They have initiated a…
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Quick ViewContribution of renewable energy to human life is essential for sustainable life on Earth. The renewable energy industry is growing rapidly to fulfill the energy demand of the continuously developing world and has become the focal centre of many researchers across the globe. This development should meet the needs of the present without compromising the…
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Quick ViewThe changing energy scenario has now become the focus of researchers, scientists, economists, industries and governments with the objectives of fulfilling current needs through advanced renewable technologies and looking towards the future with sustainable systems. This book comprises fourteen chapters to discuss some noteworthy advances in renewable energy with some sustainable issues. Wind and solar…
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Quick ViewPetroleum has played a crucial role in the socio-economic and political welfare of the world. It is a non-renewable form of energy and has an increasing demand in this modern era. To fulfil the demands, the conventional sources of oil reserves are being stressed and are nearly drought. Also, the burning of fossil fuel emits…
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Quick ViewRenewable energy sources (RES) are considered as sources of the future. The European Union as a whole is dependent on the import of primary energy sources – around 50%. Accepted liabilities in the area of fair protection presents other influences to the energetic strategy of the EU; therefore, this strategy is concentrating mainly on the…
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Quick ViewBioethanol and Beyond: Advances in Production Process and Future Directions discusses the advances in the production process of bioethanol, ranging from first to fourth generation bioethanol. Bioethanol can be mixed with other fuels, such as gasoline and diesel, and used for generating renewable fuels, such as hydrogen. Advances in the industrial bioethanol (first and second…
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Quick ViewEnergy is one of the main determinants of economic growth, but the high dependence of electricity production by fossil fuels could be a brake for the development of countries which do not have a sufficient level of richness and/or which possess a high level of environmental sensitivity. Countries tend to contrast these limits to growth…
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Quick ViewThe supply of sufficient quantities of energy with minimal environmental impact are among the key challenges of the macroenergy world. The search for fossil energy substitutes that meet the energy requirements of sustainability directs the development to renewable energies. In this way, a waste-to-energy (WtE) approach has been considered as potentially attractive alternatives for the…
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Quick ViewEuropean efforts to fight climate change, to improve the security of energy supply, and to drive innovation and competitiveness in the next decade will make distributed generation (DG) develop and grow considerably. DG growth is an integral component of a new vision of an effective and highly responsive “European Smart Grid” in which the actions…
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Quick ViewThis book develops a novel and simple, yet rigorous methodology that, by means of basic techniques and tools available to any engineer, enables the study of solar concentrator performance parameter scattering on the control of the solar field outlet temperature. Several simulations are performed considering a realistic solar field comprised of a large set of…
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Quick ViewAmong other things, this book analyzes the energy losses in transformation systems composed of parallel transformers and proposes a method – known as PLO – that allows for the reduction of these losses. Distribution transformer system losses represent an important contribution to the quantity of GHG emitted to the atmosphere and have a high economic…
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