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Quick ViewThermoplastics composites are widely used nowadays. Their matrices are characterized by their aptitude to be repeatedly melted by heating and solidified by cooling, and this in a reversible way. The reinforcement add rigidity and strength to the matrix, thus making a material combining the properties of both constituents. Thermoplastic composites have become an area of…
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Quick ViewThis book presents analytical models of thermal stresses in two- and three-component composites with anisotropic components. Within the analytical modelling, the two- and three-component composites are replaced by a multi-particle-matrix and multi-particle-envelope-matrix systems, respectively. These model systems consist of anisotropic spherical particles (either without or with an envelope on the particle surface), which are periodically…
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Quick ViewThis book presents original analytical models of thermal and phase-transformation-induced stresses in isotropic components of three-component materials with void defects. These defects (i.e., pores, flaws, etc.) are a consequence of technological processes (i.e., powder metallurgy processes). These stresses, which are observed during a cooling process, originate below a relaxation temperature of a three-component material. The…
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Quick ViewNatural fibers – both lignocellulosic and protein – are renewable and biodegradable. They are characterized by good air permeability, hygroscopicity, and do not release harmful substances. They have been well-known to mankind for more than 9,000 years. Most of the lignocellulosic fibers from plants and animals such as cotton, flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, sisal, ramie,…
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Quick ViewIntroducing the Generalized Molecular Crystal Model, as a more realistic model for the study of the small polaron transport in disordered materials, in the book the “microscopic” kinetics of small polaron transport is fully described. The percolation theory bridges smoothly the gap between the “microscopic” mechanisms responsible for the small polaron site-to-site transport, and the…
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Quick ViewThis book deals with analytical models of hydrogen-induced stresses in metallic materials. The analytical models, which are presented in this first volume, are determined for isotropic metallic materials. In general, hydrogen is accumulated in metallic materials in the form of various types of molecules (e.g. hydrogen molecules, molecules of methane, molecules of water vapour, etc.).…
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Quick ViewDuring surface deformations measurements in objects, materials or structural element samples, which move in the space, recorded speckle images are transformed by these displacements. In Chapter One, an algorithm for speckle image relative geometrical transformations parameters determination is proposed on the basis of Fourier-Mellin transform. Usage of this algorithm will allow increasing reliability of deformation…
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Quick ViewThis book is a practical and intermediate level handbook written to describe acoustic emission technique, focusing on the results obtained from different kinds of materials through an engineering point of view. Internal structural modifications of materials such as dislocation motion, plastic deformation, grain boundary sliding or crack propagation are connected to the production of acoustic…
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Quick ViewSmart Materials for Smart Living has a wide range of materials that are involved in the things that govern our day to day lives. Applications of SMNFs are used in different areas such as filtration media, gas sensing and a great deal of biomedical applications too. The treatment of heart blockage and brain hemorrhage has…
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Quick ViewAs a fundamental building material in modern times, concrete has been subject to continual development. It has evolved from a simple mixture of basic elements, i.e., hydraulic cement, water, and aggregates, to become a modern high-performance material — a material designed to respond to the environment and in some versions to preserve it. This book…
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Quick ViewThe main impression of this book is to draw attention to the most advance technologies in silver recovery and recycling from various sources. The state-of-the-art in silver recovery from different sources by hydrometallurgical and bio-metallurgical processing, and varieties of leaching, cementing, reducing agents, peeling, electro-coagulants, adsorbents, electro-dialysis, solvent extraction, ion exchange resins and bio-sorbents are…
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Quick ViewDispersion dynamics are developed from the stable wave packet in wave mechanics. They are used first in a physical treatment of creation and annihilation, and then applied to measurements in high temperature superconductivity. The dynamics require that the negative energy solution to relativity equations implies negative rest mass in the antiparticle. Dirac’s positive mass for…
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Quick ViewClassical fracture mechanics that emerged during the 1920s has gained popularity via LEFM from the 1940s to the 1960s. The principles of classical fracture mechanics evolved from experimental observation of the behavior of glass that contains pre-existing cracks and is largely supported by physical reasoning. Chapter One presents a robust analysis of problems encountered in…
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Quick ViewThis book reviews the four classes of materials science, the study of each of which are also considered separate fields: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. The application of materials science in energetic materials, like explosives and oxidizers, is also an important topic, and thus is extensively reviewed in this book. Furthermore, the microhardness of steel…
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Quick ViewThe purpose of this book was to investigate the temperature and input energy dependency of Nd:YAG laser performance pumped by flashlamp. A commercial laser rod Nd:YAG laser crystal was utilized as a gain medium. The laser rod was placed parallel to a linear flashlamp filled by xenon gas at 450 Torr. The Nd:YAG crystal together…
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Quick ViewPolycrystalline materials, both dense and porous, are traditionally fabricated from ceramic, metal or composite powders via powder technology routes that include shaping and sintering steps. During shaping a compact body is formed from the granular raw material, while sintering leads to strengthening of this compact and coarsening. In this collection, the authors summarize the basic…
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Quick ViewBiocomposites are exciting, “new” materials which have experienced a renaissance in the 21st century in response to the societal concerns regarding global warming and environmental pollution, shifting the focus towards materials made from renewable, biodegradable and recyclable resources. As a consequence, research and development of these materials has increased in recent years, which is reflected…
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Quick ViewFrom the perspectives of theory and experiment, this book introduces several different micro/nanostructure materials, including the Mg-based alloy materials, carbon nanotubes and graphene-based materials, micro-crystals, nanostructured Al-SiC composites, optomechanical systems, compound containing functional groups, and biologically active diazoles. Using this book, readers will be able to understand, derive, and confidently implement the relevant phenomena in…
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Numerical Simulation of the Heat Conductivity of Randomly Inhomogeneous Two-Dimensional Composite Materials consists of six sections. The introduction and second section present a wide variety of theoretical and empirical models for heat transport in two-component composites and their governing scientific principles. In particular, the methods of homogenization and the representative volume element are examined. The…
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Quick ViewOver the past few decades, the applications of membrane technology for wastewater treatment and drinking water production have undergone accelerated development. In Membrane Bioreactors and Fouling: A Review and Directions for Research, to better understand membrane fouling, membrane categories and major foulants are identified fundamentally. Due to their effective contaminant rejection ability and robust chemical,…
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Quick ViewTernary Mn-based Heusler alloys often exhibit a ferromagnetic shape memory effect, which is best studied in Ni2MnGa, a prototype of Heusler alloys. Heusler Alloys: Structure, Properties and Applications opens by analyzing how by substituting nickel for iron, another Heusler alloy emerges, Fe2MnGa, with much richer structural and magnetic properties than Ni2MnGa and a large ferromagnetic…
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Quick ViewThis book concerns advanced materials for electrochemical technologies. Firstly, the focus concerns fuel cell devices in which state of the art materials for anodes in both fuel cells and biological fuel cells were carefully discussed. After that, novel sensors and biosensors were deeply described. Finally, the wastewater treatment using advanced oxidation processes was pointed out,…
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Quick ViewRare metals play an important role in the development of major branches of industry, such as vacuum equipment, semiconductor electronics, nuclear power and rocket production, as well as in the production of special steels and hard, refractory and corrosion-resistant alloys. Rapid development and improvement in the production of rare metals took place in the ten…
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Quick ViewPolyhydroxyalkanoates: Biosynthesis, Chemical Structures and Applications opens with an exposé on employing extremophiles as polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) producers. The authors suggest that extremophiles may be easily subjected to a long-term continuous cultivation processes, which considerably enhances overall productivity while reducing the energy demand in biopolymer production. Conversely, a range of challenges remain, including improving the metabolic…
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